# Should I roll my 401(k) into an IRA when I retire?

By James Ustby, CFP®, APMA®. Published 2026-10-16. Canonical URL: https://jamesustby.com/articles/roll-401k-into-ira-retire

> Rolling a 401(k) into an IRA can widen choices and simplify withdrawals, but keeping the plan can win if you retire at 55 to 59 or hold company stock.

## Key takeaways

- Rolling a 401(k) into an IRA when you retire can widen your investment choices and simplify withdrawals, but keeping the plan can be better if you retire between 55 and 59 and a half, hold company stock, or value the plan's lower institutional costs.
- If you leave your job in or after the year you turn 55, 401(k) withdrawals skip the 10 percent additional tax. Move that money to an IRA and the exception is gone until 59 and a half.
- Ask for a direct rollover. If the plan pays you instead, it must withhold 20 percent, and you have 60 days to redeposit the full amount.
- Company stock that has grown a lot may qualify for net unrealized appreciation treatment, but only if you take it out as stock before rolling the rest. Once it lands in an IRA, that option is gone.
- Splitting is allowed. Many retirees keep a slice in the plan for early access and roll the rest for flexibility.

## The short answer

Rolling a 401(k) into an IRA when you retire can widen your investment choices and simplify withdrawals, but keeping the plan can be better if you retire between 55 and 59 and a half, hold company stock, or value the plan's lower institutional costs.

This is one of the first big money decisions after the retirement party, and it usually arrives as a phone call from someone offering to "handle the rollover." Before you say yes, it helps to know that you have four choices, not two: leave it, roll it, split it, or move it to a new employer's plan if you are still working somewhere. Cashing out is a fifth choice, and for most people it is the costly one.

## Keep, roll or split: how do the options compare?

Here is the side by side comparison I walk through with people. The right column is often the answer.

| Factor | Keep in the 401(k) | Roll to an IRA | Split the two |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fees | Can be low because of institutional pricing; check the plan's fee disclosure | Depends on what you choose and how you are advised | Two sets of costs to watch |
| Investment menu | Limited to the plan's list | Broad range of categories | Plan menu for one part, broad choice for the other |
| Rule of 55 access | Yes, if you left the job in or after the year you turned 55 | No, 10 percent additional tax applies before 59 and a half unless another exception fits | Keep the early years' spending in the plan |
| Company stock (NUA) | Option stays open until you take a distribution | Lost once the stock is rolled in | Take the stock out in kind, roll the rest |
| Creditor protection | Broad federal protection for plan assets | Protected in bankruptcy; outside bankruptcy, state law governs | Mixed |
| Required minimum distributions | Start at 73; you may delay while still working for that employer unless you own more than 5 percent | Start at 73, working or not | Each account follows its own rule |
| Roth conversions | Only if the plan offers in-plan conversions | Convert any amount, any year | Convert from the IRA side |
| Simplicity | One more login | One place for withdrawals and taxes | Two accounts to coordinate |

FINRA lists nearly these same factors (fees, services, penalty free withdrawals, creditor protection, required distributions and employer stock) as the questions to weigh before any rollover. None of them is automatically decisive. The point is to know which ones apply to you.

## How does the rule of 55 change the answer?

The IRS lets you skip the 10 percent additional tax on withdrawals from an employer plan if you separate from service during or after the year you reach 55 (50 for certain public safety employees). That exception does not apply to IRAs.

Take an example. Karen is 58, a hypothetical retiree with $900,000 in her former employer's 401(k). She plans to spend $40,000 a year from savings until she claims Social Security at 62.

| Karen's choice | Extra tax on each $40,000 she takes before 59 and a half |
|---|---|
| Roll everything to an IRA | $4,000 (the 10 percent additional tax) |
| Keep money in the 401(k) | $0 (rule of 55 applies) |
| Split: keep $100,000 in the plan, roll $800,000 | $0 on plan withdrawals |

Regular income tax applies in every row. Only the extra 10 percent changes. In Karen's example, keeping about $100,000 in the plan covers roughly two and a half years of spending, which carries her past 59 and a half, while the $800,000 in the IRA gives her room to invest broadly and convert to Roth in lower income years. Before counting on this, she should confirm the plan allows partial withdrawals after she leaves; some plans only allow all or nothing.

## What about company stock in the 401(k)?

If your 401(k) holds your employer's shares and they have grown a lot, look at net unrealized appreciation, often called NUA, before you roll anything.

Under IRS rules, when you take a lump sum distribution and receive the shares themselves, you generally pay ordinary income tax on the cost basis, and the growth above basis (the NUA) is not taxed until you sell. When you do sell, IRS Publication 575 says the gain up to the NUA amount is long term capital gain. Roll those same shares into an IRA, and every dollar comes out later as ordinary income.

| Example: $120,000 of company stock, $30,000 basis | Taxed at distribution | Taxed when sold or withdrawn |
|---|---|---|
| Take the shares out in kind (NUA) | $30,000 as ordinary income | $90,000 as long term capital gain |
| Roll the shares into an IRA | Nothing now | All $120,000 as ordinary income |

Two cautions. The lump sum rule means the whole balance must leave all of that employer's plans of the same kind within one tax year (the rest can still go to an IRA by direct rollover). And holding a large position in one company is a concentration risk no tax rule fixes. NUA is worth a careful look, not an automatic yes.

## How do you roll over a 401(k) without a tax bill?

Ask the plan for a direct rollover, where the money goes straight to the IRA custodian. The IRS says no tax is withheld on a direct rollover.

If the plan sends the check to you instead, it must withhold 20 percent, even if you plan to roll it over. You then have 60 days to deposit the full amount, which means replacing the withheld 20 percent from other savings. Miss that, and the shortfall is treated as a taxable distribution. Also remember that a required minimum distribution cannot be rolled over, so in the year yours starts at 73, take it first.

## What should you ask the plan before you decide?

A short checklist, in this order:

1. What are the total yearly costs, in dollars, at my balance? (Your plan's participant fee disclosure lists them.)
2. Can I take partial withdrawals after I leave, and how often?
3. Do I hold company stock, and what is my cost basis in it?
4. Does the plan allow in-plan Roth conversions?
5. Do I have an outstanding loan, and what happens to it when I leave?
6. Is there a Roth 401(k) balance that should go to a Roth IRA, separate from the pre-tax money?
7. How does the plan send a direct rollover, and to whom is the check payable?

If you want a second set of eyes on the answers, that is what a [second opinion](https://jamesustby.com/second-opinion) is for.

## Does North Carolina tax a 401(k) rollover?

A direct rollover is not a taxable event in North Carolina, because it is not taxable on your federal return. Withdrawals are a different story. North Carolina taxes 401(k) and IRA withdrawals as ordinary income at its flat rate, which is 3.99 percent for 2026 according to the NC Department of Revenue. Where the money sits does not change the North Carolina rate, so the keep or roll decision usually turns on the federal factors above. One exception worth checking: certain North Carolina state and local government retirees may have Bailey settlement protection on some plan benefits, so confirm with a tax professional how a rollover affects that before moving the money.

## How does this fit your withdrawal plan?

The rollover decision is really a withdrawal decision in disguise. Which account you pull from each year, and when, drives your taxes far more than where the account is held. See [which account to withdraw from first](https://jamesustby.com/retire-which-account-to-withdraw-from-first), and test your own spending in the [retirement income calculator](https://jamesustby.com/retirement-income-calculator). If you are getting close to 73, the [RMD calculator](https://jamesustby.com/rmd-calculator) shows what your first required distribution may look like.

## The bottom line

Rolling a 401(k) into an IRA is often a sensible choice for broader investment options, easier Roth conversions and one place to manage withdrawals. It is not automatic. If you retired between 55 and 59 and a half, hold appreciated company stock, or your plan's costs are very low, keeping some or all of the money in the plan may serve you better. Splitting the balance can give you both. Whatever you choose, use a direct rollover and get the costs in dollars before you move a cent.

Which of the factors in that first table actually applies to your 401(k), and do you know the answer to each one?

If you want to see how the pieces of your retirement fit together first, start with the free [Retirement Reality Report](https://jamesustby.com/report/).

## Questions people ask next

### Is it a good idea to roll over a 401(k) into an IRA after retirement?

It can be, especially if you want more investment choices, one account to manage, and easier Roth conversions. It may not be, if you are between 55 and 59 and a half, hold appreciated company stock, or your plan has unusually low costs. Compare the two side by side before you sign anything.

### Do you pay taxes when you roll a 401(k) into an IRA?

Not on a direct rollover from a traditional 401(k) to a traditional IRA. The IRS says no taxes are withheld when the plan pays the new account directly. If the check is made out to you, 20 percent is withheld and you must replace it from other money within 60 days to avoid tax on that part.

### How long do I have to roll over my 401(k) after I retire?

There is no deadline to start a direct rollover; your money can generally stay in the plan after you leave, though plans can cash out very small balances. The 60 day clock only applies when a distribution is paid to you.

### Can I take money from my 401(k) at 55 without penalty if I retire?

Generally yes, if you separate from service during or after the calendar year you turn 55, and the withdrawal comes from that employer's plan. The exception does not apply to IRAs, and some plans limit how often you can take partial withdrawals, so ask the plan.

### Can I roll over my required minimum distribution?

No. The IRS says required minimum distributions cannot be rolled over into another tax deferred account. In the year your distributions start, take the required amount first, then roll the rest.

### Can I keep my 401(k) and also open an IRA?

Yes. You can leave part of the balance in the plan and roll part to an IRA, if the plan allows partial distributions. Many people do exactly that to keep early access in the plan and flexibility in the IRA.

## Sources

- [IRS, Rollovers of Retirement Plan and IRA Distributions](https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/plan-participant-employee/rollovers-of-retirement-plan-and-ira-distributions)
- [IRS, Retirement Topics, Exceptions to Tax on Early Distributions](https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/plan-participant-employee/retirement-topics-exceptions-to-tax-on-early-distributions)
- [IRS, Retirement Plan and IRA Required Minimum Distributions FAQs](https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/retirement-plan-and-ira-required-minimum-distributions-faqs)
- [IRS, Topic No. 412, Lump-Sum Distributions](https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc412)
- [IRS, Publication 575, Pension and Annuity Income](https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p575.pdf)
- [FINRA, Regulatory Notice 13-45, Rollovers to Individual Retirement Accounts](https://www.finra.org/rules-guidance/notices/13-45)
- [North Carolina Department of Revenue, Tax Rate Schedules](https://www.ncdor.gov/taxes-forms/individual-income-tax/tax-rate-schedules)

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Author: James Ustby, CFP®, APMA®, Wealth Advisor, LPL Financial, Durham and Chapel Hill, North Carolina. This material is for general information only and is not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. Examples are hypothetical and for illustration only. Securities and advisory services offered through LPL Financial, a registered investment advisor. Member FINRA / SIPC. Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP® and CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER® in the United States to Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, Inc., which authorizes individuals who successfully complete the organization’s initial and ongoing certification requirements to use the certification marks.